Sleep disorders and disturbances

Sleep Disorders and Disturbances

Sleep is a vital part of everyday life and can have a major impact on physical and mental health. Unfortunately, sleep disorders and disturbances are increasingly common and can greatly affect quality of life. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy.

Insomnia

Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders and is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or problems staying asleep. It is described as having inadequate or non-refreshing sleep, feeling un-rested despite having sufficient sleep time, experiencing difficulty concentrating, and having irritability and decreased performance. Causes of insomnia can be both physiological and psychological.

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. Symptoms of sleep apnea include loud snoring, abrupt awakenings, daytime sleepiness, and headaches in the morning. There are three types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea, and complex sleep apnea. OSA is the most common form and is caused by a blockage of the airway. Treatment for sleep apnea includes lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and avoiding alcohol, and the use of a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine.

Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder that causes a person to experience an irresistible urge to move their legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations in the legs. RLS can occur at any age, but is more common in adults and older people, and can affect daily activities such as sleep. Treatment options include lifestyle changes such as drinking less caffeine and exercising regularly, as well as medications such as dopaminergic agents.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden periods of intense sleepiness, called “sleep attacks”. It can also cause episodes of cataplexy. Cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle tone which can cause the individual to collapse. Treatment for narcolepsy is typically done with medications such as stimulants, antidepressants, and anti-seizure medications. There is also a form of cognitive behavioral therapy called hypnotherapy that can be used to manage the symptoms associated with narcolepsy.