Septic Encephalopathy
What is Septic Encephalopathy?
Septic encephalopathy is a serious disorder that results in impaired mental functioning due to complications caused by a systemic infection. It is a dangerous and potentially fatal condition that can cause a variety of neurological symptoms ranging from confusion and lethargy to stupor or coma.
Septic encephalopathy is also known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy or infection-related encephalopathy. The condition is more commonly seen in patients with sepsis, or a severe systemic infection. This type of encephalopathy is developing increasingly in patients with various infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Signs & Symptoms of Septic Encephalopathy
The signs and symptoms of septic encephalopathy vary with the severity of the condition. These can include:
- Confusion
- Disorientation
- Headaches
- Agitation or irritability
- Fatigue
- Lethargy
- Stupor
- Changes in level of consciousness
- Coma
- Seizures
- Changes in vital signs
- Slowed movement and reflexes
- Slurred speech
- Groaning sounds
- Visual disturbances
- Behavioral changes
Causes of Septic Encephalopathy
Septic encephalopathy is caused by a systemic infection. Common causes include:
- Bacterial infections
- Viral infections
- Fungal infections
- Parasitic infections
- Sepsis
Diagnosis of Septic Encephalopathy
The diagnosis of septic encephalopathy is usually made based on a physical examination and a patient’s medical history. Blood tests may be done to assess any signs of infection, organ dysfunction, or metabolic abnormalities, all of which can be associated with septic encephalopathy. Brain imaging tests such as an MRI may also be used to determine if there is a structural abnormality in the brain.
Treatment of Septic Encephalopathy
The main goal of treatment for septic encephalopathy is to control the underlying infection and treat any complications. Depending on the severity of the condition, treatment could involve antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, or other medications. Other therapies may be used such as dialysis, oxygen therapy, and hyperventilation. In severe cases, a patient may require mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing.
Rehabilitative measures may also be required such as physical and occupational therapy. Counselling and psychological support may be needed to help with behavioural changes due to the encephalopathy.