Pulmonary Embolism

What Is a Pulmonary Embolism?

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening condition that occurs when a blood clot blocks one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs. The blockage prevents oxygen from reaching the lungs and other parts of the body. This can cause serious damage to organs and could be fatal if not treated quickly.

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism

As the clot blocks the flow of blood to the lungs, there may be chest pain, difficulty breathing, and a feeling of suffocating. Other signs and symptoms may include feeling lightheaded, rapid heartbeat, coughing up blood, feeling weak or dizzy, and excessive sweating. In rare cases, pulmonary embolism may cause no symptoms at all.

Risk Factors for Pulmonary Embolism

Some of the most common risk factors for PE include having a history of deep vein thrombosis, obesity, recent surgery, cancer, or a family history of clotting problems. Being pregnant, taking certain medications, or using birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy can also make people more prone to pulmonary embolism.

Diagnosing Pulmonary Embolism

The diagnosis of PE usually requires a physical exam, a review of medical history, and imaging tests such as a chest X-ray, CT scan, echocardiogram, or MRI. Blood tests may be done to assess for any underlying issues that may have caused the PE, such as an autoimmune disorder or an infection.

Treating Pulmonary Embolism

Treatment for PE typically involves anticoagulant or “blood-thinning” medications to reduce the chance of future clots forming. In more serious cases, clot-busting drugs known as thrombolytics can be used to break up existing blood clots. Surgery may also be an option if the patient's condition is life-threatening.

Preventing Pulmonary Embolism

The best way to prevent PE is to recognize the risk factors and take steps to reduce those risks. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking can all help. Wearing compression stockings, avoiding long periods of immobility, and taking medications to prevent blood clots can also help.