Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)
What is Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)?
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder caused by a build-up of toxins in the blood due to liver dysfunction. When the liver fails to process toxins in the body, they accumulate in the blood. The buildup of toxins can cause several neurological problems, such as mental confusion, memory loss, slurred speech, and difficulty concentrating. In severe cases, HE may lead to coma and even death.
Causes of HE
HE occurs when the liver fails to adequately process toxins in the body. This can be caused by several factors including liver failure, cirrhosis, hypoxia (a lack of oxygen in the body), or toxins produced by certain bacteria in the gut. Other causes may include poor nutrition, malnutrition, excessive alcohol use, the use of certain medications, and a compromised immune system.
Risk Factors of HE
- Chronic alcohol abuse
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- Liver cirrhosis
- Obesity
- High levels of ammonia in the body
- Poor nutrition
- Drugs that affect the liver
- Young age
- Infections
Symptoms of HE
- Mental confusion
- Memory loss
- Slurred speech
- Poor concentration
- Personality changes
- Tremors
- Agitation
- Coma
Diagnosis of HE
HE is diagnosed based on a patient’s medical history, physical examination, and certain diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, urine tests, and imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs. The doctor may also order psychological tests to assess the patient’s mental functioning.
Treatment of HE
The goal of treatment is to eliminate the toxic substances from the body and improve the functioning of the liver. Treatment may involve medications, diet modification, and lifestyle changes. Medications that are commonly used to treat HE include diuretics, antibiotics, laxatives, and medications to reduce ammonia levels in the body. Lifestyle changes that may be recommended include reducing alcohol consumption, quitting smoking, and exercising regularly.