Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is a lung condition caused by an allergic hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus species, a type of fungus. It is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchospasm. People with ABPA may have recurrent episodes of wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath. If left untreated, ABPA can worsen lung function and have a significant impact on quality of life.
ABPA is thought to affect approximately 10-15% of individuals with asthma. Individuals at greatest risk of developing ABPA include those with a family history of allergic reactivity, those with ongoing exposure to Aspergillus species mold spores, and those with asthma, cystic fibrosis, and/or an immunodeficiency. Symptoms of ABPA vary in severity, and include shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing, which may form part of an overall asthmatic attack.
To Diagnose ABPA
In order to diagnose ABPA, a physician will look for specific changes in medical tests such as:
- Increases in total IgE (immunoglobulin E)
- High IgE levels specifically to Aspergillus species molds
- Presence of Aspergillus-specific antibodies in the blood
- Evidence of bronchiectasis on chest X-ray
Other tests that may be used to detect ABPA include sputum cultures, chest computed tomography (CT) scans, and bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsies.
Treatment
Treatment of ABPA can involve lifestyle changes such as avoiding exposure to mold or activities that can worsen symptoms, as well as medications to reduce inflammation and bronchospasm. Corticosteroids are used as first-line therapy for ABPA, and can be inhaled, taken orally, or injected. Other medications may be used as necessary, including antihistamines, bronchodilators, and antibiotics. In severe cases, surgery may be used to remove affected areas of the lungs.
In addition, individuals with ABPA may also benefit from complementary therapies such as yoga, mindfulness, and breathwork. These techniques can help individuals manage their symptoms and reduce stress.
Conclusion
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is an immune-mediated, inflammatory lung condition caused by an allergic hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus species. ABPA can cause shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and other symptoms. Treatment of ABPA usually involves lifestyle changes and medications such as corticosteroids, as well as complementary therapies to help manage symptoms.