Refractory Anemia With Excess Blasts in Transformation
Refractory Anemia With Excess Blasts in Transformation (RAEB-T)
Refractory Anemia With Excess Blasts in Transformation (RAEB-T) is a type of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). It is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of cells with immature bone marrow cells in the bloodstream. Incomplete bone marrow maturation prevents the proper production of red and white blood cells and platelets, leading to anemia, an increased susceptibility to infections, and frequent bleeding.
RAEB-T is classified under the category of MDS, a group of disorders characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of immature cells in the bone marrow. It is further divided according to the number of so-called blasts (immature cells) that are present in the bone marrow or blood. In RAEB-T, more than 20% of bone marrow cells are blasts.
What Causes RAEB-T?
The exact cause of RAEB-T is unknown, but it is believed to be the result of genetic changes in the bone marrow. It is not caused by anything the person has done or was exposed to in the environment.
Symptoms of RAEB-T
- Fatigue and weakness
- Shortness of breath
- Pale skin
- Frequent infections
- Frequent bleeding
- Uncontrolled bleeding after a surgical procedure
- Easy bruising
- Frequent nosebleeds
Diagnosis of RAEB-T
RAEB-T is usually diagnosed through a number of tests performed to examine a person’s bone marrow and blood. These tests may include:
- Complete blood count (CBC): The CBC measures the number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood.
- Blood smears: A sample of the person’s blood is examined under a microscope for the characteristic changes associated with RAEB-T.
- Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy: In this procedure, a sample of the person’s bone marrow is removed and examined for blast cells.
- Flow cytometry: A specialized test in which a sample of the person’s bone marrow or blood is analyzed using laboratory equipment.
- Molecular testing: Genetic and molecular changes are tested for in the person’s marrow or blood samples.
Treatment of RAEB-T
Treatment for RAEB-T may include chemotherapy, corticosteroids, and/or a bone marrow transplant. If a bone marrow transplant is necessary, the person will need to undergo a thorough evaluation to determine if they are an appropriate candidate and if so, which type of transplant is best for them. In some cases, supportive therapies may be used to manage symptoms and complications such as infection or bleeding.
Outlook for RAEB-T
The outlook for RAEB-T varies from person to person but typically is poor. The average survival time for people with RAEB-T is less than two years. However, with early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, some people can live significantly longer.