Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
What is Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome?
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome (PPS) is a cluster of neuromuscular disorders that can appear many years after recovery from acute paralytic poliomyelitis. Acute poliomyelitis ( polio ) is caused by infection with poliovirus, a member of the enterovirus family, and is responsible for severe neurological disability in many individuals. While most affected individuals will recover from the acute infection with minimal residual effects, a small number of individuals will develop new or increased levels of residual weakness and muscular discomfort many years after the acute paralytic episode, and this is often referred to as Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome.
Symptoms of Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
The symptoms of Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome can include:
- Muscle weakness
- Joint stiffness or pain
- Fatigue
- Decreased ability to exercise
- Muscle twitches or spasms
- Difficulty breathing
- Painful cramps
- Difficulty swallowing
- Mobility problems
- Sleep disturbances
Causes of Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome is caused by damage to the nerves that control the muscles that have been affected by the poliovirus. This damage can occur when the virus attacks the nerve cells, resulting in the loss of ability of the nerve signals to reach the muscles. The damage can also occur as a result of the immune reaction that takes place against the poliovirus or as a result of inflammation. The exact cause of Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome is still unknown.
Treatment of Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
The treatment of Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome is focused on symptom relief and restoration of function. This includes physical and occupational therapy, injections of botulinum toxin, and medications such as antispasmodics or muscle relaxants. Surgery may also be used in cases where there is severe muscle wasting or joint contractures. Other treatments may include the use of splints or braces to support weakened limbs, or orthotics to improve balance and mobility. In some cases, electrical stimulation may be used to strengthen weakened muscles.