Osteomalacia
What is Osteomalacia?
Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones caused by a vitamin D deficiency. It is common in individuals who have limited or no exposure to sunlight, such as those who stay indoors for long periods of time. It is also seen in people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney and liver diseases, as well as people who take certain medications. The most common symptom of osteomalacia is bone pain, but the condition can also lead to fractures, deformities, and decreased mobility.
Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of osteomalacia are varied and can depend on the severity of the condition. Common signs and symptoms may include:
- Bone pain and tenderness around the hips, lower back, ribs, and thighs
- Muscle weakness and difficulty walking
- Excessive fatigue
- Impaired balance and coordination
- Decreased appetite and weight loss
- Fractures and deformities
Causes
Osteomalacia is typically caused by a vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps the body absorb calcium, a mineral needed for strong bones. Vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight, or it can be obtained from certain foods and supplements.
In addition to a lack of vitamin D, there are a number of medical conditions that can increase the risk of developing osteomalacia. These include:
- Kidney and liver disease
- Celiac disease
- Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other forms of cancer treatment
- Disorders of calcium or phosphorus metabolism
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Gastrointestinal surgeries
- Long-term use of certain medications, such as anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, and bisphosphonates
Treatments
Osteomalacia is usually treated with vitamin D supplementation. The dosage and duration of vitamin D therapy depends on the severity of the deficiency and the patient’s age, medical history, and lifestyle.
In addition to vitamin D supplements, other treatments may include:
- Calcium supplements
- Exercise and physical therapy
- Pain medications
- Surgery (in some cases)
Prevention
Osteomalacia can be prevented by getting enough vitamin D in the diet and/or through exposure to sunlight. Eating foods that are rich in vitamin D, such as fatty fish, eggs, fortified milk, and mushrooms, is one way to get the vitamin D required for strong bones. Spending time outdoors in the sun is another way to get the benefits of vitamin D exposure without taking supplements.
It is also important to talk to a healthcare provider if you’re taking any medications or are experiencing any medical conditions that can increase your risk of developing osteomalacia.