Metastatic RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer
Metastatic RET-mutant Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC)
Metastatic RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is an aggressive form of thyroid cancer that is typically resistant to standard treatment approaches. This cancer is caused by mutations in the RET gene, resulting in a defect in cell-signaling pathways. Patients with MTC typically experience rapid metastasis to various organs and tissue, including the lungs, bones, and lymph nodes, making survival prospects poor.
Diagnosis and Treatment
The diagnosis of MTC includes the assessment of signs and symptoms, imaging studies, and genetic testing. Treatment options for MTC include targeted therapies, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical resection. Targeted therapies, such as RET tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are the most promising approach and may yield better outcomes with minimal side effects.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of advanced MTC may include:
- Neck swelling
- Pain in the neck, shoulder, or chest
- Hoarse voice
- Difficulty swallowing
- Shortness of breath
- Coughing up blood
- Unexplained fatigue and weight loss
Prognosis
The prognosis for those with metastatic RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer is typically poor, as it is an aggressive form of cancer with a high rate of recurrence. Although targeted RET inhibitor therapy is promising, most patients eventually progress to recurrent or metastatic disease. It is important to recognize that the clinical course of MTC is highly variable and individualized treatment approaches should be tailored to each patient’s specific condition.