Lower Respiratory Tract and Lung Infections
Lower Respiratory Tract and Lung Infections
Lower respiratory tract and lung infections occur when a virus or bacteria enters the body. The infections can range from a common cold to more serious infections such as pneumonia, which can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing. The lungs are susceptible to a variety of environmental factors that may increase the risk of developing these infections, including air pollution, cigarette smoke, allergens, or chemical irritants.
Causes
Common lower respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses, while some are caused by bacteria. These infections can be spread through physical contact, through the air, through contact with contaminated surfaces, touching a body, or coming into contact with animal secretions or excretions.
Symptoms
The symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Common symptoms include:
- Cough, which may be dry or produce phlegm (sputum)
- Fever
- Shortness of breath
- Runny nose
- Headache
- Wheezing or crackling sound in the chest
- Chest pains
- Fatigue
The symptoms of a more serious infection, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, can be more severe and include chills, severe chest pains, high fever, and difficulty breathing.
Diagnosis
A doctor may diagnose a lower respiratory tract infection by taking a physical examination and reviewing the patient’s medical history. Other tests may include chest X-rays, blood tests, or sputum cultures to determine the cause of the infection.
Treatment
Treatment for lower respiratory tract infections depends on the type and severity of the infection. Common treatments may include:
- Antibiotics, if the infection is bacterial
- Cough suppressants and expectorants
- Pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen
- Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the airways
- Oxygen therapy to increase oxygen levels in the blood
In some cases, a hospital stay may be necessary for a more severe infection. During a hospital stay, the patient may receive more intensive treatments, such as intravenous medications.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of lower respiratory tract infections, the following preventive measures can be taken:
- Wash hands often, especially after contact with other people, pets, or potentially contaminated surfaces.
- Avoid contact with people who are sick.
- Eat a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Avoid smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke.
- Get a flu and other vaccinations.
- Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight.
- Keep allergies under control by avoiding dust, pollen, and other allergens.