Tularemia
What Is Tularemia?
Tularemia is a rare but potentially serious infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Francisella tularensis. It can be life-threatening if it's not treated promptly with antibiotics. Tularemia is also known by its scientific name, francisellosis. People typically become infected when they come in contact with infected animals, particularly rabbits, hares, rodents, and sometimes deer and sheep.
The disease is spread mainly through bites from infected ticks and deerflies, through the handling of infected animals, and by inhaling contaminated dust or aerosol droplets.
Tularemia can also be spread through drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food, or by handling materials such as fur or hides that have been contaminated with the bacteria.
Signs and Symptoms of Tularemia
The signs and symptoms of Tularemia can vary depending on how the infection was acquired.
- Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
- Fever
- Headache
- Chills
- Muscle aches
- Sore throat
- A rash or skin ulcer
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Coughing up blood
- Confusion
If Tularemia is not treated promptly, the infection can become more serious and cause life-threatening complications, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or septicemia.
Tularemia Diagnosis and Treatment
Tularemia is diagnosed through a combination of physical exam, questioning about recent activities, laboratory tests, and imaging tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either oral or intravenous, for at least two weeks.
In some cases, supportive care such as supplemental oxygen or intravenous fluids may be needed. Recovery time depends on the severity of the infection. People who are acutely ill may need hospitalization, and those who have a weakened immune system may take longer to recover.
Prevention
The best way to protect yourself from getting Tularemia is to take preventive measures. Wear insect repellent, wear long sleeves and pants in areas with high tick populations, and avoid contact with sick or dead animals.
If you must handle animals, wear protective gloves and clothing. Clean your hands and clothing thoroughly after contact with animals. Disinfect tools and equipment used in animal areas. Vaccines are also available for people at high risk of exposure, such as laboratory workers.