Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a type of premenstrual syndrome that causes severe physical and emotional symptoms before the start of a woman's menstrual period. Up to 8% of women in their reproductive years experience PMDD between ovulation and menstruation. PMDD is different from premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which is more common. While PMS can range from feeling mildly irritable to mildly depressed, PMDD is much more severe and can prevent you from leading a normal life.

Signs and Symptoms of PMDD

Common symptoms of PMDD include:

feelings of depression or hopelessness
anxiety or tension
mood swings
anger or irritability
decreased interest in usual activities
problems concentrating
fatigue
changes in appetite
feelings of being out of control or overwhelmed
difficulty sleeping
tenderness and soreness in the breasts
abdominal bloating or cramping
headaches
joint or muscle pain

Causes of PMDD

The exact cause of PMDD is not known, but it is thought to be related to the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones fluctuate dramatically during each menstrual cycle. PMDD is believed to be caused by an heightened sensitivity to these hormone fluctuations, and the way the body and brain respond to them.

Risk Factors for PMDD

Certain factors are known to increase the risk of developing PMDD, including:

having a family history of PMDD or depression
having a history of depression or another mood disorder
being in the late 20s to mid-40s
having a history of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse
smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or illegal drug use

Treatment for PMDD

Treatment for PMDD can include medications such as antidepressants, diuretics, or non-hormonal contraceptives. Non-medical treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, lifestyle changes, and diet modifications are also recommended. Your doctor can help you find the treatment option that's best for you.