Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that arises during pregnancy due to changes in the way the body handles glucose. It affects up to 10% of pregnancies and can have serious short-term and long-term health impacts for both mother and baby if it is not managed correctly.
Gestational diabetes is a serious condition that requires close monitoring and treatment. It can be managed through lifestyle modifications, such as healthy eating and exercise, and in some cases medication. Treatment of GDM is important to ensure good outcomes for both mother and baby.
Causes of GDM
Gestational diabetes occurs as a result of increased levels of hormones produced by the placenta during pregnancy, which cause the body to become resistant to insulin. This means that glucose cannot be taken up from the blood, causing high blood sugar. High blood glucose can lead to a number of complications during pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia or delivering a large baby.
Risk Factors for GDM
There are a number of risk factors for GDM, including:
- Age: over 25
- Family history of diabetes
- High BMI
- History of high blood glucose or large baby at previous birth
- Member of certain ethnic or racial groups, such as Asian or African-American
Complications of GDM
Women with GDM who do not receive treatment are at risk of a number of complications, including:
- Pre-eclampsia
- Delivery of a large baby
- Higher risk of Caesarean section
- Higher risk of complications during labour and delivery
- Increased chance of complications for baby, such as breathing problems and low blood sugar levels
- Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life for both mother and baby
Diagnosis and Treatment of GDM
Gestational diabetes is typically diagnosed during the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy, using a glucose tolerance test. Treatment is recommended for women who have been diagnosed to help manage blood sugar levels. This usually involves lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, and in some cases medication. Treatment should be individualised to each woman, as every pregnancy is different.
Conclusion
Gestational diabetes is a serious condition that requires close monitoring and treatment to ensure good outcomes for both mother and baby. Women at higher risk should be tested early in their pregnancy to allow for early diagnosis and treatment. Treatment of GDM involves lifestyle changes and may involve medication, and should be individualised for each pregnancy.