Common Variable Immunodeficiency

What is Common Variable Immunodeficiency?

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) characterized by a reduced level of serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) or at least two of them. In most cases, CVID causes immunodeficiency, which can lead to recurrent infections in the lungs. CVID also increases the risk of an autoimmune disorder, inflammation, and some lymphomas.

Symptoms of Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Common signs and symptoms of CVID include:

Persistent cold-like symptoms
Recurring ear, nose, and throat infections
Chronic or recurrent sinusitis
Frequent bouts of diarrhea
Recurring infections in the lungs
Autoimmune disorder
Inflammation
Lymphoma
Fatigue
Weight loss
Enlarged tonsils or adenoids

Causes of Common Variable Immunodeficiency

The exact cause of CVID is unknown, however it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and possibly autoimmune factors. Studies have shown that those with CVID may have certain genetic mutations that dramatically reduce the amount of antibodies produced by the immune system. This makes them susceptible to infections and other serious health complications.

Diagnosis of Common Variable Immunodeficiency

A diagnosis of CVID is typically made based on a medical history, physical exam and laboratory tests. A doctor may also suggest a series of tests, including:

Blood tests to determine the levels of immunoglobulins
Chest X-ray
Cultures to evaluate specific pathogens responsible for recurrent infections
Skin tests to identify allergies
Immunoglobulin testing to determine the levels of antibodies

Treatment of Common Variable Immunodeficiency

The goal of treatment for CVID is to replace the missing antibodies and restore the body's immune system to better fight infection. This can be done by a process called immunoglobulin replacement therapy, which involves administering intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG). Patients also need to receive lifelong antibiotics, antiviral, and/or antifungal medications to treat recurrent infections. In addition, patients may need to undergo splenectomy to remove a diseased spleen.