Bloodstream Infections

What is a Bloodstream Infection?

A bloodstream infection, also known as bacteremia, is the presence of bacterial, fungal, or other microorganisms in the circulatory system. Generally, this indicates sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Bloodstream infections occur when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microbial organisms enter the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection in the body.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of a bloodstream infection may include:

Fever
Chills
Rapid heart rate
Low blood pressure
Confusion
Malaise
Fatigue
Nausea

Causes

Bloodstream infections can be caused by a variety of different organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Common causes of a bloodstream infection include:

Meningitis
Pneumonia
Urinary tract infection
Gastrointestinal infection
Infection resulting from intravenous (IV) lines
Skin or eye infections

Risk Factors

Risk factors for developing a bloodstream infection include:

Weakened immune system due to illness or medications
Long-term hospitalization
Use of a central venous catheter for accessing the bloodstream
Recent surgery
Chronic diseases, such as diabetes
Alcoholism

Diagnosis

Doctors may use a variety of tests and procedures to diagnose a bloodstream infection, including:

Physical examination
Blood tests
Urine tests
Chest X-ray
CT scan
Ultrasound
Stool sample
Cultures of blood, urine, and/or sputum

Treatment

Treatment of a bloodstream infection may include:

Antibiotics
Antiviral medications
Surgery
IV fluids
Transfusions
Dialysis
Ventilation support

Prevention

You may be able to prevent a bloodstream infection by:

Practicing good hygiene
Regularly washing your hands
Maintaining a clean home and workspace
Avoiding contact with sick people
Getting vaccinated
Avoiding intravenous drug use
If you are hospitalized, ask your doctor about antibiotic prophylaxis or infections prevention practices
Requesting a wave of antibiotics if you have an indwelling catheter