Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
What is Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. The bone marrow is where blood cells are created. It is classified as an acute leukemia because of the rapid growth of abnormal cells, which crowd out and replace the normal cells. When people have AML, their bone marrow makes immature cells called blasts, which the body isn't able to use. The blasts, instead of healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, are what builds up in the blood and bone marrow. This buildup can lead to serious issues that cause illness and death.
What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
The cause of AML is not fully understood. It does appear, however, that some factors increase the risk of developing AML, including:
- Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome
- Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as benzene
- Previous exposure to radiation and chemotherapy
- Smoking
- Family history of AML
- Age—AML is more common in older adults.
What Are the Symptoms of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
The most common symptoms of AML include:
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Frequent infections
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
- Enlarged liver or spleen
- Unexplained weight loss
- Anemia
How Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Diagnosed?
To diagnose AML, doctors will typically order a combination of tests, including blood tests, imaging tests, and biopsies. Blood tests look for abnormal or immature cells, while imaging tests can detect if the spleen or liver are enlarged. A bone marrow biopsy helps detect the presence of cancer and can also help determine the type of leukemia.
How Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated?
Treatment for AML usually involves chemotherapy and sometimes, depending on the patient’s age and overall health, stem cell or bone marrow transplants. Other treatments, such as radiation therapy, are sometimes used in combination with chemotherapy.