Acid Aspiration Syndrome
What is Acid Aspiration Syndrome?
Acid aspiration syndrome is a potentially serious complication of general anesthesia that occurs when gastric contents are aspirated into the lungs. It can occur when a patient has a full stomach or regurgitates the stomach contents during induction and intubation. It is very similar to chemical pneumonitis on imaging and may be referred to as chemical pneumonitis in the literature.
Signs and Symptoms of Acid Aspiration Syndrome
Signs and symptoms of acid aspiration syndrome can include:
- Respiratory Difficulty: including difficulty breathing, cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness
- Fever
- Hypoxemia (low blood oxygen)
- Bronchospasm
- Pleural effusion (fluid accumulation in the pleural space)
- Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
Diagnosing Acid Aspiration Syndrome
The diagnosis of acid aspiration syndrome is usually based on symptoms, medical history, and radiology. Chest X-ray may demonstrate signs of acute pulmonary injury, such as infiltrates, areas of atelectasis, and pleural effusions. A chest CT scan may also be used to diagnose the condition and to help rule out other possible causes of symptoms.
Treatment of Acid Aspiration Syndrome
Treatment for acid aspiration syndrome typically includes supportive care such as IV fluids, oxygen, and mechanical ventilation if needed. Bronchodilators may be used to improve respiratory symptoms. Antibiotics may also be prescribed to help prevent or treat an infection. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be required.