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What Are Free Light Chains?
Free light chains (FLC) are proteins that are released into the blood by immune cells and circulate freely in the serum. FLCs are closely associated with monoclonal gammopathies, diseases in which abnormal antibodies called "monoclonal immunoglobulins" are produced in large quantities and accumulate in the body.
Preparation
In order to measure the levels of FLCs in the blood, a blood sample is taken from the patient and left to clot. After clotting, the sample is centrifuged to separate the serum, which is then tested for FLCs.
Types of Free Light Chains
There are two main types of FLCs, known as kappa and lambda light chains. Each of these FLCs is further divided into four subtypes, which are referred to as isotypes. Kappa light chains are classified as either kappa 1, 2, 3, or 4, while lambda light chains are classified as either lambda 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Why Measure Free Light Chains?
Measuring FLCs is important in order to diagnose and monitor certain types of diseases, particularly monoclonal gammopathies, such as multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, and amyloidosis. Elevated levels of FLCs in the blood may indicate the presence or progression of a monoclonal gammopathy, and thus, can provide valuable information to physicians in order to appropriately diagnose and treat the condition.
When Are Free Light Chains Measured?
Free light chains are typically measured as part of a clinical work-up when a patient is suspected to have a monoclonal gammopathy. If the patient is known to have one of these diseases, FLC levels may also be tested periodically in order to monitor the disease’s progression.
Risks Associated With Free Light Chain Testing
FLC testing is generally considered safe, as it does not involve administering any substances to the patient. There may, however, be some risk associated with drawing the initially required blood sample.
Conclusion
Free light chains are proteins that are released into the blood by immune cells and circulate freely in the serum. Measuring FLCs is important in order to diagnose and monitor certain types of diseases, particularly monoclonal gammopathies, such as multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, and amyloidosis.Free light chains are typically measured as part of a clinical work-up when a patient is suspected to have a monoclonal gammopathy. Testing for FLCs can provide valuable information to physicians in order to appropriately diagnose and treat the condition, however, there may be some risk associated with taking the blood sample.