Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine: Understanding the Role of this Powerful Neurotransmitter in the Brain
Norepinephrine (NE), also known as noradrenaline, is a powerful hormone and neurotransmitter in the brain responsible for numerous essential bodily functions. Norepinephrine helps regulate sleep-wake cycles, concentration, alertness and energy levels, body temperature, mood, heart rate, blood pressure, and more. It is produced and released by the central nervous system (CNS), from the locus coeruleus in the brain, and is also used in other parts of the body including the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
Some of the primary functions of norepinephrine include:
- Regulating sleep/wake cycle
- Controlling alertness and energy levels
- Regulating respiration
- Regulating heart rate
- Regulating blood pressure
- Aiding in digestion
- Controlling body temperature
- Influencing learning, memory, and cognition
- Aiding in the body's response to stress
- Influencing mood and behavior
When norepinephrine is released in the brain, it binds to receptors on nerve cells and activates them. This triggers various responses ranging from sleep/arousal patterns to concentration and memory. It also increases heart rate and blood pressure, and triggers the body’s stress response.
Norepinephrine is released along with the neurotransmitter dopamine, and plays a key role in the regulation of mood and behavior. When levels of norepinephrine are low, people may experience fatigue, depression, anxiety, and inattention. Conversely, when levels of norepinephrine are too high, they may experience irritability, aggression, and impaired judgment.
When the brain does not produce enough norepinephrine, people may experience symptoms of depression, such as low energy, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and lack of motivation. Medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can help restore proper levels of norepinephrine.
In short, norepinephrine is an essential neurotransmitter involved in various bodily functions, and deficits in this important hormone can cause significant disruption to a person’s life. It’s important to understand the role of norepinephrine and to consult with your doctor if you experience any of the symptoms of low levels of this vital neurotransmitter.