High Grade Glioma (HGG)

High Grade Glioma (HGG): An Overview

A high grade glioma (HGG) is an aggressive and malignant tumor of the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of many different kinds of cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. It is usually classified as either Grade III or Grade IV, with Grade IV being the most severe. HGGs account for up to 15% of all primary brain tumors, and 75% of all astrocytic tumors.

HGGs can occur in any age group but are more commonly seen in adults. Symptoms vary depending on the grade and location of the tumor, but common signs include seizures, changes in mental status, headache, and changes in behavior. Treatment for high grade gliomas typically includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, most HGGs are not curable due to their aggressive nature.

Risk Factors and Complications

There is currently no known cause of high grade gliomas, although certain genetic mutations have been linked to the development of the tumor. Other risk factors include family history of brain tumors, exposure to radiation and certain chemicals, and weakened immune system. The most common complication associated with HGGs is the development of seizures.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

HGGs can be difficult to diagnose, as they can mimic the symptoms of other medical conditions. Diagnosis usually starts with a neurological examination and imaging tests such as an MRI. Once the tumor is located, a brain biopsy may be necessary to determine grade and type. Treatment for HGG depends on the location and grade of the tumor. Generally, treatment consists of a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Prognosis

The prognosis for an individual suffering from a high grade glioma depends on several factors, including the grade and location of the tumor, the overall health of the patient, and the type of treatment they receive. Unfortunately, many HGGs are resistant to traditional treatments. In general, the overall long-term outlook is not good.

Prevention

There is currently no known way to prevent HGGs. However, research indicates that reducing exposure to certain chemicals and environmental toxins, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding smoking may lower a person’s risk of developing some types of brain tumors.