Major depressive disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as Clinical Depression, is a long-term mood disorder that affects how a person feels, thinks, and behaves. It is characterized by persistent low moods, feelings of sadness or emptiness, and lack of interest in normal activities. Symptoms of MDD can range from mild to severe and it is estimated to affect between 5-20% of people worldwide.
The disorder is usually caused by long-term stress, grief, medication, a medical condition, or a combination of these factors. It can also be caused by an imbalance in brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters, which are responsible for regulating mood. Diagnosis of MDD usually includes a physical exam, blood tests, and psychological evaluation.
Treatment for MDD typically includes a combination of antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Regular exercise, healthy eating, and social activities can help improve symptoms in some people. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
The symptoms of MDD can vary from person to person, but the most common symptoms include:
- Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, and worthlessness
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed
- Changes in appetite or weight
- Insomnia or excessive sleeping
- Slowed movement and speech
- Fatigue or low energy
- Feelings of guilt, hopelessness, or helplessness
- Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- Thoughts of death or suicide
How is Major Depressive Disorder Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of MDD usually involves:
- A physical exam to rule out any medical conditions
- Blood tests to check for any other illnesses or deficiencies
- A psychological evaluation by a psychiatrist or psychologist to determine the presence of depression and any underlying psychological factors
Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
The treatment of MDD typically involves the use of a combination of medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes.
- Medications used to treat MDD include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These work by regulating the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.
- Psychotherapy is a form of talk therapy used to help a person talk about their feelings and thoughts, and work through underlying psychological issues.
- Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress reduction can also help reduce symptoms of MDD.
In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to keep a person safe from harm and help them find stability. It is important to treat MDD as soon as possible to prevent the symptoms from worsening.