Metforminum

Metforminum Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Metforminum is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metforminum reduces hepatic glucose production by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and stimulates intracellular glycogen synthesis by acting on glycogen synthase. In muscle, it increases insulin sensitivity, improving peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. Metforminum also delays intestinal glucose absorption. Metforminum increases the transport capacity of all types of membrane glucose transporters (GLUTs) known to date.

In humans, independently of its action on glycemia, metformin has favorable effects on lipid metabolism. This has been shown at therapeutic doses in controlled, medium-term or long-term clinical studies: Metforminum reduces total cholesterol, LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin does not produce hypoglycemia in either patients with type 2 diabetes or normal subjects and does not cause hyperinsulinemia. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and daylong plasma insulin response may actually decrease.

General effects

Insulin is an important hormone that regulates blood glucose levels . Type II diabetes is characterized by a decrease in sensitivity to insulin, resulting in eventual elevations in blood glucose when the pancreas can no longer compensate. In patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, insulin no longer exerts adequate effects on tissues and cells (called insulin resistance) and insulin deficiency may also be present .

Metforminum reduces liver (hepatic) production of glucose, decreases the intestinal absorption of glucose, and enhances insulin sensitivity by increasing both peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. In contrast with drugs of the sulfonylurea class, which lead to hyperinsulinemia, the secretion of insulin is unchanged with metformin use .

Trade Name Metforminum
Availability Prescription only
Generic Metformin
Metformin Other Names Dimethylbiguanid, Metformin, Metformina, Metformine, Metforminum
Related Drugs Farxiga, Trulicity, Lantus, Victoza, Tresiba, Levemir, Basaglar
Type
Formula C4H11N5
Weight Average: 129.1636
Monoisotopic: 129.101445377
Protein binding

Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins , in contrast to sulfonylureas, which are more than 90% protein bound .

Groups Approved
Therapeutic Class Biguanides
Manufacturer
Available Country
Last Updated: September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am
Metforminum
Metforminum

Uses

Metforminum Hydrochloride, as monotherapy, is used for an adjunct to diet to lower blood glucose especially in overweight patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus whose hyperglycemia cannot be satisfactorily managed on diet alone. Metforminum Hydrochloride may be used concomitantly with a sulfonylurea when diet and metformin hydrochloride or sulfonylureas alone do not result in adequate glycemic control.

Metforminum is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Glycemic Control

How Metforminum works

Metforminum's mechanisms of action are unique from other classes of oral antihyperglycemic drugs. Metforminum decreases blood glucose levels by decreasing hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis), decreasing the intestinal absorption of glucose, and increasing insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization . It is well established that metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I activity, and it has since been generally postulated that its potent antidiabetic effects occur through this mechanism . The above processes lead to a decrease in blood glucose, managing type II diabetes and exerting positive effects on glycemic control.

After ingestion, the organic cation transporter-1 (OCT1) is responsible for the uptake of metformin into hepatocytes (liver cells). As this drug is positively charged, it accumulates in cells and in the mitochondria because of the membrane potentials across the plasma membrane as well as the mitochondrial inner membrane. Metforminum inhibits mitochondrial complex I, preventing the production of mitochondrial ATP leading to increased cytoplasmic ADP:ATP and AMP:ATP ratios . These changes activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism . Aside from this mechanism, AMPK can be activated by a lysosomal mechanism involving other activators. Following this process, increases in AMP:ATP ratio also inhibit fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase enzyme, resulting in the inhibition of gluconeogenesis, while also inhibiting adenylate cyclase and decreasing the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) , a derivative of ATP used for cell signaling . Activated AMPK phosphorylates two isoforms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme, thereby inhibiting fat synthesis and leading to fat oxidation, reducing hepatic lipid stores and increasing liver sensitivity to insulin .

In the intestines, metformin increases anaerobic glucose metabolism in enterocytes (intestinal cells), leading to reduced net glucose uptake and increased delivery of lactate to the liver. Recent studies have also implicated the gut as a primary site of action of metformin and suggest that the liver may not be as important for metformin action in patients with type 2 diabetes. Some of the ways metformin may play a role on the intestines is by promoting the metabolism of glucose by increasing glucagon-like peptide I (GLP-1) as well as increasing gut utilization of glucose .

In addition to the above pathway, the mechanism of action of metformin may be explained by other ways, and its exact mechanism of action has been under extensive study in recent years .

Dosage

Metforminum dosage

Adult-

Metforminum 500 mg tablet: Initial dosage is 500 mg tablet 2-3 times daily with or after meals, gradually increased if necessary to 2 to 3 gm daily.

Metforminum 850 mg tablet: Initial dosage is 850 mg tablet once or twice daily with or after meals, gradually increased if necessary to 2 to 3 gm daily.

Metforminum extended release orlong acting tablet: The usual starting dose of Metforminum extended release tabletis 500 mg once daily with the evening meal. Dosage increases should be made in increments of 500 mg weekly, up to a maximum of 2000 mg once daily with the evening meal. If glycemic control is not achieved on Metforminum extended release tablet 2000 mg once daily, a trial of Metforminum extended release tablet 1000 mg twice daily should be considered. The maximum recommended dose of metformin is 3 gm daily.

Transfer from other antidiabetic therapy: When transferring patients from standard oral hypoglycemic agents other than Chlorpropamide to Metforminum HCl, no transition period generally is necessary. When transferring patients fromChlorpropamide, care should be exercised during the first two weeks because of the prolonged retention of Chlorpropamide in the body, leading to overlapping drug effects and possible hypoglycemia.

Children and adolescents-

Monotherapy and combination with insulin

  • Metforminum tablets can be used in children from 10 years of age and adolescents.
  • The usual starting dose is one tablet of 500 mg or 850 mg once daily, given during meals or after meals.

After 10 to 15 days the should be adjusted on the basis of blood glucose measurements. A slow increase of dose may improve gastrointestinal tolerability. The maximum recommended dose of metformin is 2 g daily, taken as 2 or 3 divided doses.

Elderly-

Due to the potential for decreased renal function in elderly subjects, the metformin dosage should be adjusted based on renal function. Regular assessment of renal function is necessary.

Side Effects

Metforminum may cause gastro-intestinal adverse effects like diarrhoea, anorexia, nausea & vomiting. Lactic acidosis and malabsorption of vitamin B12 may be occurred. Patients may experience a metallic taste and there may be weight loss, which in some diabetics could be an advantage.

Toxicity

Metforminum (hydrochloride) toxicity data:

Oral LD50 (rat): 1 g/kg; Intraperitoneal LD50 (rat): 500 mg/kg; Subcutaneous LD50 (rat): 300 mg/kg; Oral LD50 (mouse): 1450 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal LD50 (mouse): 420 mg/kg; Subcutaneous LD50 (mouse): 225 mg/kg .

A note on lactic acidosis

Metforminum decreases liver uptake of lactate, thereby increasing lactate blood levels which may increase the risk of lactic acidosis . There have been reported postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis, including some fatal cases. Such cases had a subtle onset and were accompanied by nonspecific symptoms including malaise, myalgias, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, or increased somnolence. In certain cases, hypotension and resistant bradyarrhythmias have occurred with severe lactic acidosis . Metforminum-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate concentrations (>5 mmol/L), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), as well as an increased lactate:pyruvate ratio; metformin plasma levels were generally >5 mcg/mL.

Risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (e.g. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), age 65 years old or greater, having a radiological study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (e.g., acute congestive heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment .

A note on renal function

In patients with decreased renal function, the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased .

Metforminum should be avoided in those with severely compromised renal function (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min), acute/decompensated heart failure, severe liver disease and for 48 hours after the use of iodinated contrast dyes due to the risk of lactic acidosis . Lower doses should be used in the elderly and those with decreased renal function. Metforminum decreases fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which are reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control. Metforminum may also have a positive effect on lipid levels.

A note on hypoglycemia

When used alone, metformin does not cause hypoglycemia, however, it may potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas and insulin when they are used together .

Use in pregnancy

Available data from post-marketing studies have not indicated a clear association of metformin with major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when metformin was ingested during pregnancy. Despite this, the abovementioned studies cannot definitively establish the absence of any metformin-associated risk due to methodological limitations, including small sample size and inconsistent study groups .

Use in nursing

A limited number of published studies indicate that metformin is present in human milk. There is insufficient information to confirm the effects of metformin on the nursing infant and no available data on the effects of metformin on the production of milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered as well as the mother’s clinical need for metformin and any possible adverse effects on the nursing child .

Precaution

Lactic acidosis is a rare, but serious (high mortality in the absence of prompt treatment), metabolic complication that can occur due to metformin accumulation. Reported cases of lactic acidosis in patients on metformin have occurred primarily in diabetic patients with significant renal failure. The incidence of lactic acidosis can and should be reduced by assessing also other associated risk factors such as poorly controlled diabetes, ketosis, prolonged fasting, excessive alcohol intake, hepatic insufficiency and any condition associated with hypoxia. Lactic acidosis is characterized by acidotic dyspnea, abdominal pain and hypothermia followed by coma. Diagnostic laboratory findings are decreased blood pH, plasma lactate levels above 5 mmol/L, and an increased anion gap and lactate/pyruvate ratio. If metabolic acidosis is suspected, metformin should be discontinued and the patient should be hospitalized immediately.

Renal function: As metformin is excreted by the kidney, serum creatinine levels should be determined before initiating treatment and regularly thereafter: at least annually in patients with normal renal function, at least two to four times a year in patients with serum creatinine levels at the upper limit of normal and in elderly subjects. Decreased renal function in elderly subjects is frequent and asymptomatic. Special caution should be exercised in situations where renal function may become impaired, for example when initiating antihypertensive therapy or diuretic therapy and when starting therapy with an NSAID.

Administration of iodinated contrast agent: As the intravascular administration of iodinated contrast materials in radiologic studies can lead to renal failure, metformin should be discontinued prior to, or at the time of the test and not reinstituted until 48 hours afterwards, and only after renal function has been re-evaluated and found to be normal.

Surgery: Metforminum hydrochloride should be discontinued 48 hours before elective surgery with general anesthesia and should not be usually resumed earlier than 48 hours afterwards.

Children and adolescents: The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus should be confirmed before treatment with metformin is initiated. No effect of metformin on growth and puberty has been detected during controlled clinical studies of one-year duration but no long-term data on these specific points are available. Therefore, a careful follow-up of the effect of metformin on these parameters in metformin-treated children, especially pre-pubescent children, is recommended.

Children aged between 10 and 12 years: Only 15 subjects aged between 10 and 12 years were included in the controlled clinical studies conducted in children and adolescents. Although metformin efficacy and safety in children below 12 did not differ from efficacy and safety in older children, particular caution is recommended when prescribing to children aged between 10 and 12 years.

Other precautions: All patients should continue their diet with a regular distribution of carbohydrate intake during the day. Overweight patients should continue their energy-restricted diet. The usual laboratory tests for diabetes monitoring should be performed regularly. Metforminum alone never causes hypoglycemia, although caution is advised when it is used in combination with insulin or sulphonylureas.

Interaction

Concomitant use not recommended-

Alcohol: Increased risk of lactic acidosis in acute alcohol intoxication, particularly in case of: fasting or malnutrition, hepatic insufficiency. Avoid consumption of alcohol and alcohol-containing medications.

Iodinated contrast agents: Intravascular administration of iodinated contrast agents may lead to renal failure, resulting in metformin accumulation and a risk of lactic acidosis. Metforminum should be discontinued prior to, or at the time of the test and not reinstituted until 48 hours afterwards, and only after renal function has been re-evaluated and found to be normal.

Combinations requiring precautions for use-

Certain drugs tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glycemic control. These drugs include thiazide and other diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, thyroid products, estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics, calcium channel blocking drugs, and isoniazid. When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving Metforminum HCl, the patient should be closely observed to maintain adequate glycemic control. Inform the patient and perform more frequent blood glucose monitoring, especially at the beginning of treatment. If necessary, adjust the dosage of the antidiabetic drug during therapy with the other drug and upon its discontinuation.

Nifedipine appears to enhance the absorption of Metforminum. Metforminum has minimal effects on nifedipine. ACE-inhibitors may decrease the blood glucose levels. If necessary, adjust the dosage of the antidiabetic drug during therapy with the other drug and upon its discontinuation.

Food Interaction

  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Take with food. Food reduces irritation.

[Major] GENERALLY AVOID: Alcohol can potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism and increase the risk of lactic acidosis.

In addition, alcohol may cause hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes.

Although hypoglycemia rarely occurs during treatment with metformin alone, the risk may increase with acute consumption of alcohol.

Even modest amounts can lower blood sugar significantly, especially when the alcohol is ingested on an empty stomach or following exercise.

The mechanism involves inhibition of both gluconeogenesis as well as the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia.

Episodes of hypoglycemia may last for 8 to 12 hours after ethanol ingestion.

By contrast, chronic alcohol abuse can cause impaired glucose tolerance and hyperglycemia.

Moderate alcohol consumption generally does not affect blood glucose levels in patients with well controlled diabetes.

Food may have varying effects on the absorption of metformin from immediate-release versus extended-release formulations.

When a single 850 mg dose of immediate-release metformin was administered with food, mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and systemic exposure (AUC) decreased by 40% and 25%, respectively, and time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) increased by 35 minutes compared to administration under fasting conditions.

By contrast, administration of extended-release metformin with food increased AUC by 50% without affecting Cmax or Tmax, and both high- and low-fat meals had the same effect.

These data may not be applicable to formulations that contain metformin with other oral antidiabetic agents.

MANAGEMENT: Metforminum should be taken with meals, and excessive alcohol intake should be avoided during treatment.

Diabetes patients in general should avoid consuming alcohol if their blood glucose is not well controlled, or if they have hypertriglyceridemia, neuropathy, or pancreatitis.

Alcohol should not be consumed on an empty stomach or following exercise, as it may increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Patients should contact their physician immediately if they experience potential signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis such as malaise, myalgia, respiratory distress, increasing somnolence, and nonspecific abdominal distress (especially after stabilization of metformin therapy, when gastrointestinal symptoms are uncommon).

With more marked acidosis, there may also be associated hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias.

Metforminum should be withdrawn promptly if lactic acidosis is suspected.

Serum electrolytes, ketones, blood glucose, blood pH, lactate levels, and blood metformin levels may be useful in establishing a diagnosis.

Lactic acidosis should be suspected in any diabetic patient with metabolic acidosis lacking evidence of ketoacidosis (ketonuria and ketonemia).

Volume of Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin after one oral dose of metformin 850 mg averaged at 654 ± 358 L .

Elimination Route

Regular tablet absorption

The absolute bioavailability of a metformin 500 mg tablet administered in the fasting state is about 50%-60%. Single-dose clinical studies using oral doses of metformin 500 to 1500 mg and 850 to 2550 mg show that there is a lack of dose proportionality with an increase in metformin dose, attributed to decreased absorption rather than changes in elimination .

At usual clinical doses and dosing schedules of metformin, steady-state plasma concentrations of metformin are achieved within 24-48 hours and are normally measured at Label.

Extended-release tablet absorption

After a single oral dose of metformin extended-release, Cmax is reached with a median value of 7 hours and a range of between 4 and 8 hours. Peak plasma levels are measured to be about 20% lower compared to the same dose of regular metformin, however, the extent of absorption of both forms (as measured by area under the curve - AUC), are similar .

Effect of food

Food reduces the absorption of metformin, as demonstrated by about a 40% lower mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax), a 25% lower area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC), and a 35-minute increase in time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) after ingestion of an 850 mg tablet of metformin taken with food, compared to the same dose administered during fasting .

Though the extent of metformin absorption (measured by the area under the curve - AUC) from the metformin extended-release tablet is increased by about 50% when given with food, no effect of food on Cmax and Tmax of metformin is observed. High and low-fat meals exert similar effects on the pharmacokinetics of extended-release metformin .

Half Life

Approximately 6.2 hours in the plasma and in the blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution .

Clearance

Renal clearance is about 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours .

Elimination Route

This drug is substantially excreted by the kidney .

Renal clearance of metformin is about 3.5 times higher than creatinine clearance, which shows that renal tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. After oral administration, about 90% of absorbed metformin is eliminated by the kidneys within the first 24 hours post-ingestion .

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy Category B. Animal studies do not indicate harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonic or fetal development, parturition or postnatal development. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Can be used in pregnancy for both preexisting and gestational diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes should discontinue treatment after giving birth.

Lactation: Metforminum is excreted into milk in lactating rats. Similar data is not available in humans and a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue metformin, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. May be used during breast-feeding in women with pre existing diabetes.

Contraindication

  • Hypersensitivity to metformin hydrochloride or to any of the excipients of the medication.
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic pre-coma
  • Renal failure or renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min)
  • Acute conditions with the potential to alter renal function such as: dehydration, severe infection, shock, intravascular
  • administration of iodinated contrast agents.
  • Acute or chronic disease which may cause tissue hypoxia such as: cardiac or respiratory failure, recent myocardial
  • infarction, shock
  • Hepatic insufficiency, acute alcohol intoxication, alcoholism
  • Lactation

Special Warning

Renal Impairment: Metforminum is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR < 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2 . Starting metformin in patients with an eGFR between 30-45 mL/minute/1.73 m2 is not recommended. In patients taking metformin whose eGFR later falls below 45 mL/minute/1.73 m2 , assess the benefits and risks of continuing treatment. Discontinue metformin if the patient’s eGFR later falls below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2 .

Acute Overdose

Hypoglycemia has not been seen with metformin doses up to 85g, although lactic acidosis has occurred in such circumstances. High overdose or concomitant risks of metformin may lead to lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency and must be treated in hospital. The most effective method to remove lactate and metformin is hemodialysis.

Storage Condition

Keep out of the reach of children. Do not store above 25°C. Keep in the original package in a cool & dry place in order to protect from light and moisture.

Innovators Monograph

You find simplified version here Metforminum

Metforminum contains Metformin see full prescribing information from innovator Metforminum Monograph, Metforminum MSDS, Metforminum FDA label

FAQ

What is Metforminum used for?

Metforminum used to treat type 2 diabetes, and to help prevent type 2 diabetes if you're at high risk of developing it.Metforminum is used when treating polycystic ovary syndrome.

How safe is Metforminum?

Metforminum is generally a safe and effective treatment for type 2 diabetes.Brand can cause side effects, and some people may want to look at other options.

How does Metforminum work?

Metforminum works by reducing the amount of sugar your liver releases into your blood.

What are the common side effects of Metforminum?

Common side effects of Metforminum are include:

Nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, diarrhea, weakness, or a metallic taste in the mouth may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly. If stomach symptoms return later, tell your doctor right away.

Is Metforminum safe during pregnancy?

Metforminum has a very low risk of birth defects and complications for your baby, making this drug safe to take before and during pregnancy.Metforminum is also safe to take while breastfeeding your child.

Is Metforminum safe during breastfeeding?

Metforminum can be considered a safe medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in a breastfeeding mother.

Can I drink alcohol with Metforminum?

Typically, doctors advise that drinking alcohol while taking Metforminum does not support diabetes management and is not safe.

Can I drive after taking Metforminum ?

Metforminum does not affect your ability to drive. However, if you are taking other medicines for diabetes with Metforminum this can sometimes cause low blood sugar levels. Symptoms may include feeling faint or tired, confusion and difficulty concentrating, which may affect your ability to drive safely.

Should I take Metforminum before meals or after meals?

Metforminum should be taken with meals to help reduce stomach or bowel side effects that may occur during the first few weeks of treatment.

Is it better to take Metforminum in the morning or at night?

The administration of Metforminum, as glucophage retard, at bedtime instead of supper time may improve diabetes control by reducing morning hyperglycemia.

How often can I take Metforminum?

Standard Metforminum is taken two or three times per day.

How long does Metforminum take to work?

The effects are usually noticeable within 48 hours of taking Metforminum, and the most significant effects take 4–5 days to occur.

How many hours does Metforminum last?

Metforminum has an elimination half-life of approximately 17.6 hours.

What happens if I take too much Metforminum?

Take too much Metforminum can cause lactic acidosis. The symptoms of lactic acidosis are severe and quick to appear, and usually occur when other health problems not related to the medicine are present and are very severe, such as a heart attack or kidney failure.

How long does Metforminum stay in my system?

Metforminum will be in your system for 96.8 hours which is approximately 4 days.

Can I take Metforminum for a long time?

Metforminum is safe to take for a long time. It will not make you put on weight, and may even help you lose some weight. It also helps keep your cholesterol at a healthy level.

Is Metforminum safe to take everyday?

The dose is usually not more than 2500 mg per day to take safe.

Is Metforminum safe for kidney disease?

Not only does Metforminum appear to be safe for people with diabetes and moderate CKD, but it appears to improve health and survival compared to alternative treatments.

Is Metforminum safe for kidneys and liver?

Metforminum should be used with caution by people with nephropathy (kidney disease), severe liver disease, or decreased kidney function.

Who should not take Metforminum?

You should not take if you are over 65 years old and if you have ever had a heart attack ,stroke; diabetic ketoacidosis, coma or heart or liver disease.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take Metforminum as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time.

What happens if I overdose of Metforminum?

Seek emergency medical attention.An overdose can cause severe hypoglycemia or lactic acidosis.

http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000000
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004707
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000278
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000375
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000474
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0003633
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0003152
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004557
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0000117
http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004150
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6801
http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001921
http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?drug:D04966
http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd:C07151
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4091
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=46507752
https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3949.html
http://www.bindingdb.org/bind/chemsearch/marvin/MolStructure.jsp?monomerid=50229665
https://mor.nlm.nih.gov/RxNav/search?searchBy=RXCUI&searchTerm=6809
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=6801
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL1431
https://zinc.docking.org/substances/ZINC000012859773
http://bidd.nus.edu.sg/group/cjttd/ZFTTDDRUG.asp?ID=DAP000205
http://www.pharmgkb.org/drug/PA450395
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/pdbechem/chemicalCompound/show/MF8
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic4/glumetza.htm
https://www.drugs.com/metformin.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin
*** Taking medicines without doctor's advice can cause long-term problems.
Share